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        • if & would
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        • even if + pronoun
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      • ED = T
      • coulda shoulda woulda
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        • Should
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        • adj + er than
        • as (adj) as
        • the same as
        • more + adj + than
        • the .... est ( most and worst)
        • good - better - best
      • CONDITIONAL TENSE >
        • if & would
      • CONNECTORS >
        • even if + pronoun
      • COUNT NON-COUNT NOUNS
      • PREPOSITIONS
      • PAST PERFECT
      • PRESENT PERFECT
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        • to be thinking about + verb + ing
        • to think + sentence
        • There is
        • was/were + going to + verb
    • PRONUNCIATION >
      • ED = T
      • coulda shoulda woulda
    • VERBS >
      • VERBS + TO + VERB
      • MODAL VERBS >
        • Should
      • PHRASAL VERBS
    • WHICH WORD?
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YET: ESL GRAMMAR - CLAUSES
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CLAUSES (Advanced English)


UPDATED:  NOV 2021
A clause is a group of words that includes a subject and a verb.
(A clause functions as an adjective, an adverb, or a noun.)
TYPES OF CLAUSES
Independent Clauses (Main Clause)
​
  • An independent (or main clause) is a complete sentence.

  • It contains a subject and verb and expresses a complete thought in context and meaning. 
    ​
  • It expresses a complete thought.

  • EXAMPLES >


Dependent Clauses (Subordinate Clause)

  • A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is part of a sentence; it contains a subject and verb but does not convey the complete sense.

  • They can make sense on their own, but, they are dependent on the rest of the sentence for context and meaning.

  • A dependent clause is joined to an independent clause to form a complex sentence. It often starts with a subordinating conjunction.

  • EXAMPLES >


Relative Clauses (Adjective Clause)

  • A relative clause starts with the relative pronoun at the start of the clause like who, which, whose etc.

  • To make a distinction between an antecedent that is a human “who(m)” and an antecedent which is a non-human “which”. 
    ​
  • ​EXAMPLES >


Noun Clauses

  • ​ It is a dependent clause that works as a noun. Noun clauses can act as a subject, direct or indirect objects or predicate nominatives.
 
  • Click here to learn more about clauses.

  • ​EXAMPLES >
NOTE: Steps To Learning Clauses
  1. Clauses are important and you must learn how to use them.

  2. Do a short read of all the types of clauses on this site.
    However, don't spend a lot of time trying to understand all the information. 
    Just a quick look!

    ​
TIPS: 
  • Begin and Focus on Independent Clauses.  They are easiest to understand.  "or less difficult"   :-)

  • ​They are simple sentences.

  • Stay focused on them until you feel that you can use them correctly when speaking.

  • Next move on to the other types of clauses.
    ​
  • They will be easier to understand once you dominate Independent Clauses.

WHAT ARE CLAUSES (TEXT)
VIDEO: CLAUSES & PHRASES
VIDEO: ADJ CLAUSES
VIDEO: DEPENDENT CLAUSES
VIDEO: NOUN CLAUSES
ONLINE EXERCISE 1
ONLINE EXERCISE 2
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        • 01-International Sales Report
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        • 03-The Marketing Meeting 1
        • 04-The Marketing Meeting 2
        • 05 - Financial Chat at Bar
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        • GD: IF - WOULD
        • GD: INTERESTED IN + VERB + ING
        • GD: LOAN-BORROW
        • GD: SHOULD
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        • Going to Miami
        • Going to Rio
        • Going to Rio - Travel Department
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      • WH QUESTIONS >
        • How
        • How long
        • What, Where, When, Why
        • Which
        • Who and Whom
        • Whose
      • CLAUSES
      • COMPARISON >
        • adj + er than
        • as (adj) as
        • the same as
        • more + adj + than
        • the .... est ( most and worst)
        • good - better - best
      • CONDITIONAL TENSE >
        • if & would
      • CONNECTORS >
        • even if + pronoun
      • COUNT NON-COUNT NOUNS
      • PREPOSITIONS
      • PAST PERFECT
      • PRESENT PERFECT
      • ESL GRAMMAR - OTHER >
        • to be thinking about + verb + ing
        • to think + sentence
        • There is
        • was/were + going to + verb
    • PRONUNCIATION >
      • ED = T
      • coulda shoulda woulda
    • VERBS >
      • VERBS + TO + VERB
      • MODAL VERBS >
        • Should
      • PHRASAL VERBS
    • WHICH WORD?
    • IDIOMS
    • STREET ENGLISH
  • STUDY ABROAD
    • STUDY ENGLISH ABROAD